The Art of Silence

 Chinmoku no geijutsu [沈黙の芸術]

Here’s a detailed exploration of “the art of silence” — what it means, how different traditions understand and use it, and how you might practice it — with references and citations for further reading.

1. What we mean by “art of silence”

In everyday language, silence might mean simply not speaking or lack of audible sound. But in many philosophical, spiritual, artistic, and cultural traditions, silence is much richer: a skill, a discipline, a space, an active presence rather than a void.

Key features:

• Pause and space: Silence gives space between words, thoughts, sounds — and thus can open up awareness.  

• Listening and receptivity: In silence we shift from speaking to listening (outer and inner).  

• Stillness of mind and body: Not just external quiet but internal quieting of mental chatter.  

• Meaning beyond words: Silence may carry meaning that words cannot express; it often borders or becomes a form of expression itself.  

• Transformation and presence: Silence can serve as a threshold for insight, renewal, or communion with something deeper.  

Therefore, the “art of silence” is the cultivated ability to use silence intentionally — whether in relation to others, to one’s inner life, or to the world.

2. Historical & cultural perspectives

a) Spiritual / religious traditions

• In many Eastern traditions, silence is a vow, a practice of self-restraint (e.g., the Jain practice of mauna) and a path toward self-realisation.  

• In Christian mysticism and the Eastern Orthodox tradition, the Greek term Hesychia (ἡσυχία) denotes “stillness, rest, quiet, silence” and is central to contemplative prayer.  

• The Upanishadic (Hindu) texts also revere silence: one version of the Dhyanabindu Upanishad says silence is “the highest place”.  

b) Philosophical / artistic

• For the philosopher-cultural critic Susan Sontag, silence becomes an aesthetic and spiritual metaphor: art takes the role of the spiritual, and silence is that zone beyond speech.  

• In the context of art, silence (or “negative space”, pause, absence) plays an active role in shaping meaning and experience — absence becomes presence.  

c) Cultural / literary

• In Japanese culture, poems (waka, haiku) often give space to silence (or gaps) as part of the meaning: for example the space between drifting clouds, the silences of autumn.  

• The proverb “speech is silver, silence is golden” reflects a long-standing value placed on silence in many cultures.  

3. Why cultivate the art of silence? Benefits & functions

Here are some of the reasons why silence is valued and what functions it serves:

• Mental and emotional rejuvenation: As one source puts it, silence gives your brain a rest, helps you “take five”, reconnect, sort what you can let go of.  

• Deepened listening and presence: When you are silent, you’re more able to hear — others, yourself, the world. In prayer or meditation, this shifts us from talking to listening.  

• Clarity & insight: Quieting the mind may reveal layers of self or reality that words obscure.  

• Communicative and relational power: In interaction, silence can be a tool — giving space, signalling respect, allowing others to respond.  

• Aesthetic and artistic dimension: Silence or emptiness in art invites reflection, intensifies what is present, creates tension or effect through absence.  

• Spiritual/mystical depth: Silence often marks or enables the threshold of the ineffable — a way to experience what cannot be put into words.  

4. How to practice the art of silence

Here are practical pathways and tips to cultivate silence — tailored for modern life but rooted in traditional insight.

• Create physical spaces of silence

• Find moments where you simply refrain from speaking or playing media/technology. Disconnect to reconnect.  

• Go into nature, or a quiet room, and allow yourself to be with minimal external stimulation.

• Cultivate internal silence

• Practice sitting quietly (meditation, breath awareness) and observe thoughts rather than being carried by them.  

• Notice the gaps between thoughts, the pauses between words. As one writer puts it: “Notice the space between the words you’re reading now.”  

• Develop listening without immediate response: in conversation, allow silence rather than rush to fill it.  

• Use silence as a relational tool

• When interacting with others, give them space to speak, reflect, respond — allow silence to hold weight.

• Recognise that silence can communicate presence, attentiveness, respect.

• Recognise silence as meaningful, not empty

• Silence doesn’t mean ignoring or suppressing; it means giving space and attention.

• Use journaling or reflection after quiet time: what surfaced? what remains?

• Integrate into daily life

• Start the day with a few minutes of quiet reflection before jumping into busyness.  

• Build in “silent breaks” — e.g., no device, no conversation, just presence.

• Experiment with conscious pauses: before speaking, before acting, allow a moment of stillness.

5. Challenges and caveats

• Silence is not always comfortable. It may bring up unresolved thoughts, fears, restlessness. One person noted:

“In my mind feels heavy … instead of peace it just amplifies everything I’ve been avoiding.”  

• Silence is not always virtue; there are times when silence can be passive, complicit, or avoidant. The art lies in discerning when to speak and when to be silent.

• Cultural/contextual differences: What counts as silence, its value, its interpretation — varies across cultures. (See Japanese “ma”, Hindu/Jain mauna, Christian hesychia).

• Misinterpretation of silence as absence: Many assume silence = nothing, but in art and spirituality silence often equals fullness, potential, presence. (See Sontag on silence in art)  

6. Why this matters now

In our modern world of constant noise — digital notifications, media, multitasking, verbal overload — silence becomes unusually rare and thus unusually valuable. To master the art of silence is a way to reclaim space, to deepen awareness, to reconnect to self and others.

It’s not simply shutting up, but learning to hold, to listen, to be with what is beyond words.

7. Recommended readings & references

Here are some sources you can explore for deeper insight:

• The “Art of Silence” programme by Sri Sri Ravi Shankar/The Art of Living Foundation outlines silence as a retreat process.  

• “The Meaning of Silence” in art (The Brooklyn Rail) — how silence/absence functions in aesthetic contexts.  

• “Japanese Art of Silence” — explains how Japanese poetry and aesthetics embed silence/gaps.  

• “The Aesthetics of Silence: Susan Sontag on Art as a Form of Spirituality” — connects silence, art, spirituality.  

• “Practicing the Art of Silence” (Bridge of Life) — practical tips.  

"art of silence” in ancient Japanese martial arts

IfHere’s a detailed look at how the “art of silence” manifests in ancient Japanese martial arts (budō/bujutsu), including its historical roots, its philosophical significance, how it’s practiced, and why it matters. Wherever possible I’ve included traceable citations.

1. Historical & cultural background

Samurai culture, Zen Buddhism and silence

• Beginning in the Kamakura period (1185–1333) and especially into the Muromachi and Edo eras, warriors (bushi) in Japan increasingly came under the influence of Zen Buddhism. Zen emphasised meditation (zazen), emptiness/quietude, non-attachment and attention to the present moment.  

• Zen training emphasised stillness, silent sitting, and a “mind without distraction” as a necessary foundation for clarity in action. For example:

“Zen practice cultivates mindfulness through meditation, which sharpens focus and leads to inner calm. Similarly, samurai developed focus as a way to maintain clarity and awareness in the heat of battle.”  

• The link between Zen and the martial arts is frequently emphasised in modern commentaries, though historically the connection may not always have been direct. One review notes:

“The doctrinal connection between the Zen schools and Japanese warriors … is certainly superficial … the evidence for a strong link between Zen and archery is circumstantial.”  

• Silence and stillness were culturally valued in other Japanese arts as well (tea ceremony, calligraphy, martial arts) — the idea of “ma” (interval) and quietude. For instance:

“Zen Buddhism is thought to have had a great influence on the development of these attitudes toward silence in Japan … Traditional Japanese arts and the spirit of dō (the “way” or “path”) reflect this characteristic silence.”  

Silence as part of the dojo and training ritual

• In many traditional dōjō (training halls) for budō/bujutsu, classes begin and end with a short period of silent sitting (mokuso), meditation or breathing control. One source states:

“After the Rei have been completed a short period of meditation is made to calm the mind and settle the thoughts. At the command ‘Mokuso’ … the hands are folded … and silence reigns for about two or three minutes.”  

• The term Mokuso (黙想) literally means “silent thought / contemplation.” “Moku” = silence, “so” = thought.  

• Silence in this context isn’t simply “quiet” for its own sake but is used to transition into the training, to clear the mind, centre the body, enter “the Way” (dō) of the martial art.  

2. Key concepts: silence in mind and body

Mushin (無心) — “no-mind”

• One of the most important mental states in Japanese martial arts is Mushin: literally “no mind/heart” (mu = no/not, shin = heart-mind). In practice this means a mind free of fixed thoughts, fear, ego, hesitation — able to act spontaneously, instinctively.  

• For example:

“Mushin is a state of ‘no-mind’ … in which the person is free from thoughts and emotions, the mind is not caught up in identifications or worries.”  

• In martial context: the warrior who has stillness of mind can respond to threats without conscious deliberation:

“The samurai, in the heat of combat, had to rely on instincts rather than conscious thought. Mushin allowed them to be fully present, react quickly, and remain calm in the face of life-or-death situations.”  

Zanshin (残心) — “remaining mind / awareness after action”

• Another key concept is Zanshin (“remaining mind”): the idea of sustained awareness before, during and after the technique. Not dropping one’s guard even after the strike.  

• In archery (kyūdō), zanshin refers to the posture and awareness maintained after the arrow has left the bow — the warrior remains mentally present.  

Fudōshin (不動心) — “immovable mind/heart”

• Another related term is Fudōshin: “immovable mind” — the mind that remains unmoved by external impact, fear, chaos. Used especially in warrior texts.  

• For example:

“Fudōshin, the ‘immovable mind,’ was the samurai’s anchor during battle. When facing a charging enemy … this inner calm prevented panic.”  

Application to “silence”

• Silence in this martial-arts sense is more than absence of sound. It’s stillness of mind and body, absence of unnecessary movement, mental clarity.

• A quiet mind (silence) supports mushin, supports zanshin, supports staying in the moment and acting without hesitation.

• The ritual of mokuso helps “quiet” the internal chatter (thoughts, fear, ego) so the practitioner can move from thought-action into action directly.

3. Practices of silence in training

Here are some concrete practices through which silence (or still-attention) is cultivated in Japanese martial arts.

Mokuso (silent meditation)

• Practitioners sit in seiza (kneeling posture) or sometimes cross-legged, hands folded, eyes closed or half-open.  

• The instructor issues the command “Mokuso!” at the beginning, and “Mokuso Yame!” to end. During that time there is silence: no talking, no fidgeting.  

• Purpose: to clear the mind of outside concerns, settle the body, focus the breath, prepare for training. After the session it helps to transition back to normal life.  

• Some modern sources:

“Mokuso is a Japanese term for meditation, the literal translation is moku = silent/still and so = thoughts … in the traditional karate practice. Students sit in ‘seiza’ and clear the mind …”  

Meditation/standing stillness, breath control

• Some arts emphasise “stilling” the body and being rooted, aware, yet calm — even in posture or in “standing meditation.” For example, in the art of Taikiken (derived from Chinese internal arts) the practice of “Ritsuzen” (standing Zen) refers to standing in stillness in silence.  

• For the samurai, traditional Zen meditation (zazen) was practised not just in the temple but integrated into warrior training:

“For the samurai, particularly, it is essential to practice the sort of, zazen that can be put to use in the thick of battle … what good is … zazen that prefers quiet?” (Suzuki Shōsan)  

Mindfulness during technique and form

• Silence or minimal internal chatter aids technique performance. When the mind is distracted, hesitation and error increase.

• For example, practitioners aim for mushrooms state and zanshin: even once a strike or throw is finished, the mind hasn’t relaxed or returned to chatter — it remains alert.

• Some sources note that traditional budō classes include silence to “still the mind” so that true technique emerges rather than forced muscular effort.  

4. Why is silence important in martial arts?

Here are some of the practical, psychological and philosophical reasons why the art of silence (stillness) is embedded in Japanese martial arts.

Faster reaction, no hesitation

• A mind burdened with fear, doubt, chatter cannot react optimally. Silence (in the sense of mental discipline) allows intuition/training to express spontaneously.

• As one source puts it:

“For the samurai, the warrior who has stillness of mind can respond to threats without conscious deliberation.”  

Calm in the face of death or uncertainty

• For a samurai, death in battle was a very real possibility. Training the mind to remain calm, unmoved, silent under pressure was a matter of survival and honour.

• Silence in this case isn’t passive; it’s readiness. Accepting impermanence, letting go of ego.

“Zen taught that true understanding could only be achieved through direct experience rather than intellectual study … The Samurais … developed a sense of detachment from fear, desire, even life or death.”  

Discipline, focus, awareness beyond sound

• Silence fosters focus: you hear yourself breathe, you feel your weight, you detect subtle shifts, you notice your opponent’s movement.

• In a dojo class, silence sets the tone, marks respect, helps students move from daily life into training space. For example:

“The moment of silence at the beginning and end of a martial arts class … helps develop mental discipline over time.”  

Integration of mind/body/spirit

• Martial arts in ancient Japan were not just about physical technique. They were part of a path (dō) — integrating body, mind, spirit. Silence (or stillness) is fundamental to this integration.

• As one article states:

“What the samurai is asking for … are not mysterious places … but ways of being, mental states, that one can choose deliberately.”  

5. Some limitations & caveats

• While silence and Zen-influences are important in modern narratives of Japanese martial arts, historical evidence may be patchy or nuanced. Some scholars note the connection is less direct than often claimed.  

• Silence does not mean passivity or unawareness. In martial arts, silent doesn’t mean “do nothing.” It means clear, responsive, present. Mistaking it for mere quietness weakens the practice.

• These practices can lose meaning when stripped from context. If mokuso is just a minute of sitting without intention or instruction, the depth is lost.

• Each art (karate, kendo, judo, iaido, etc.) and each school has its own version of how silence/meditation is integrated; therefore one size does not fit all.

6. Summary

Silence in ancient Japanese martial arts is not simply the absence of speech or sound. It is the cultivation of a disciplined, still, open mind; of awareness uninterrupted by distracting thoughts; of readiness that arises from quietness and presence. Through rituals like mokuso, and through philosophical attitudes like mushin, zanshin and fudōshin, the warrior learns to move without hesitation, remain centred under pressure, and act with clarity.

In essence, the “art of silence” in budō is the silent ground from which decisive, spontaneous, skillful action arises.

The Japanese Art of Silence

When we speak of the “art of silence” in Japanese culture, we are referring to a rich aesthetic, philosophical and social tradition in which silence, stillness, intervals and gaps are active, meaningful, and full of presence — not simply the absence of sound or words. Below is a detailed exploration of how silence is conceived in Japanese culture, what roles it plays, and how it is practiced — with traceable citations.

1. Key Concepts: Silence, Interval, Presence

1.1 “Ma” (間) — the space/interval

One of the central ideas is the Japanese concept of Ma (間). It literally means “interval”, “gap”, “space between” (in time, in space, in relationships). Rather than being mere emptiness, ma is charged with potential meaning and being.  

• The kanji 間 combines the characters for “gate/door” (門) and “sun/day” (日) — evoking sunlight through a threshold, a gap that frames light and shadow.  

• For example: “In music it provides a rhythmic elasticity in which silence is as powerful as sound.”  

• In architecture or design: “It is not just the kind of empty space that is background; it is often arranged to be a focal point in a design.”  

Thus, in Japanese aesthetics silence = active interval, not mere void.

1.2 Silence as an aesthetic and social value

• In Japanese communication and social relations, silence has distinct cultural meanings: respect, contemplation, unspoken understanding. One article observes:

“Remaining silent is one of the behavioural elements that differ significantly between Japanese and Western cultures … Silence in response to a question … is in Japan a sign of humility and deep reflection.”  

• The scholar Takie Sugiyama Lebra identified in her work that silence in Japanese culture links to “truthfulness, social discretion, embarrassment and defiance.”  

• In the arts: Often the silence or “empty space” (negative space) conveys meaning beyond what is explicitly present. For example in traditional music and Noh theatre:

“In traditional Japanese music, silent intervals called ma are central while sounds play an auxiliary role.”  

1.3 Silence → stillness of mind, awareness

Silence is not just external; it is also internal — stillness of the mind, awareness, the space between thoughts. For example, one author writes:

“We can become aware of ‘the silence in between our thoughts’. Even if there is noise outside, we can keep our mind in silence, without our internal chatter.”  

Thus silence becomes a practice of attention, of inner calm.

2. Historical & Cultural Roots

2.1 Buddhist/Zen and Shinto influences

• In Japanese culture, Buddhist (especially Zen) and Shinto traditions emphasise emptiness, stillness, and non-action as meaningful. The concept of “just sitting”, letting go of attachments, being present — all relate to silence.

• The aesthetics of the traditional Japanese arts (gardens, tea ceremony, Noh) draw heavily on the idea of the empty-space and interval, carrying the spiritual sense of nothingness as fullness.

2.2 Silence in traditional arts

• In Noh theatre: Silence is intentionally used. For example:

“In Noh performance, Ma is often manifested through silence, where the absence of sound creates a profound sense of anticipation and emotional resonance.”  

• In architecture/design: The use of open space, light through screens, corridors leading somewhere — all create mental space.  

• In music: Composer Tōru Takemitsu used silence (ma) deliberately; he regarded silence as equal to sound.  

3. The Functions of Silence in Japanese Culture

3.1 Silence as framing & emphasis

By using silence or interval, one emphasises what is present. For example, a pause in conversation can make the next word heavier; a gap in architecture can make light and shadow more alive.

3.2 Silence as respectful, relational

In conversation or formal settings, silence can show respect, allow reflection, give space for unspoken empathy. Silence signals that you are listening, not rushing to respond.  

3.3 Silence as contemplative and inward-turning

In meditation, tea ceremony, garden design, the silence invites awareness of self, of environment, of the moment. In this way, silence is not absence, but presence.

3.4 Silence as aesthetic, expressive tool

In the arts (music, theatre, visual art) silence or interval (ma) becomes itself expressive. For example, in music:

“The role of silence is equal to that of sound, and removes it from its position of primacy.”  

Thus silence is not just the backdrop but part of the fabric of expression.

4. How Silence is Practised / Examples

4.1 In daily life & conversation

• In Japanese meetings, conversations, you may find longer pauses, silence after someone speaks. Rather than being awkward, it is meaningful.  

• The proverb or idea: “口は災いの元 (kuchi wa wazawai no moto) — the mouth is the source of calamity” is referenced in Japanese contexts to suggest the virtue of thoughtful silence.  

4.2 In ritual, architecture & design

• Japanese tea ceremony (Chadō) uses silence, minimal movement, attention to the space, the pause between actions.

• Zen gardens: the empty space, the rocks, the raked gravel, the gaps are as important as the solid elements. In architecture: sliding doors, engawa verandas create flexible volumes of “between-space”.  

4.3 In the arts: music, theatre, visual art

• In Noh theatre, the silence/interval becomes dramatic: movements are slow, still, the mask, the space of waiting, the sound of the flute, then silence.  

• In music: Takemitsu’s use of silence is well-documented; for instance:

“Takemitsu described ma as the ‘unsounded part’ of musical experience that can ‘measure up to the sound’.”  

• In visual art/design: The empty space (negative space) in a painting, the gap between strokes in calligraphy, the space around an object all contribute to meaning.  

5. Why This Matters

• In a culture increasingly dominated by noise, busyness, and constant communication, the Japanese art of silence reminds us of space, pause, reflection.

• It teaches that meaning often resides between things, in the interval, in the quiet.

• It also fosters respectful and deeper communication: silence, pause, stillness can lead to understanding beyond words.

• For artists/designers/communicators, it offers a model: use of silence (interval) not as emptiness but as part of expression.

6. Caveats & Special Notes

• Silence in Japanese culture is not always positive; it can also signal hesitation, embarrassment, or powerlessness in certain contexts. The meaning depends on context.  

• The aesthetic concept of ma is subtle and may be difficult for those from cultures with different norms of speech, space, pacing to fully appreciate — sometimes silence is interpreted as awkwardness. (As noted: “This space of silence … always made my European clients uncomfortable.”)  

• Not all instances of silence in Japanese society adhere strictly to the refined aesthetic; modern presence of media, urban noise, global influences complicate the practice.

7. Summary

In Japanese culture, silence (or more precisely: the intentional use of interval, pause, stillness) is an art. Through the concept of ma (間), through rituals, architecture, design, communication and performance, silence becomes active, full of presence. It fosters awareness, respect, refinement, and meaning in the spaces between sound and action.

Ma and Quietude

間 (ma): The Japanese Idea of Interval and Quietude

Here is a detailed exploration of ma (間) — a foundational aesthetic and cultural concept in Japan that concerns the interval, the space-between, the time-pause, and the stillness. I’ll cover definitions, historical roots, applications, and implications of quietude. Each point includes references with traceability.

1. What is “ma”?

• Literally, the kanji 間 is composed of “gate/door” (門) and “sun/day” (日) (or sometimes “moon” 月 historically) — evoking light shining through a threshold.  

• Broadly, ma means “interval,” “pause,” “gap,” “space between” — in time, in space, in relationship, in sound.  

• Importantly, ma is not merely emptiness or void in the sense of “nothing”; rather it is a charged space — the stillness, the pause, the interval that shapes experience and meaning.  

• The concept also spans the temporal and spatial: the gap between events is as meaningful as the gap between objects or sounds.  

2. Historical & Philosophical Roots

• In traditional Japanese architecture, the concept of spacing (such as the distance between pillars in a structure — hashira-ma etc) is an example of ma as spatial measurement and interval.  

• Philosophically, ma finds resonance in Zen Buddhism and Taoist thought about space, emptiness, stillness and presence. The notion that silence, gap, non-action are meaningful underwrites ma.  

• The concept’s academic exploration shows that ma as a formal term is a somewhat modern elaboration, though the underlying intuition is older. For instance, some scholars note that the usage of ma in Japanese critical discourse was influenced by interaction with Western phenomenology (e.g., Heidegger) and emerged more explicitly after the 1970s.  

3. Key Dimensions of Ma

Here are some of the important ways ma manifests:

• Spatial ma — the interval between objects, rooms, or architectural elements. Example: the engawa (veranda) functions as a ma between inside and outside.  

• Temporal ma — the pause, the moment between actions or notes. In music the rest is as important as the sound.  

• Relational ma — the distance or space between people, or between self and environment. Social silence, careful spacing of words/actions mark this dimension.  

• Psychological/Experiential ma — the inner stillness, the “holding” of attention between activities, the gap that allows thought, reflection, presence.  

4. Ma & Quietude

Quietude is deeply linked with ma. Some points:

• The silence in the gap is not absence of meaning but a space for meaning. The pause allows awareness, deep perception, quiet presence.  

• In Japanese culture, silence in conversation or social interaction is sometimes valued — the pause may show respect, contemplation, humility. For example:

“The quiet spaces between action or dialogue can convey much that is central to a narrative … And outside of art … Japanese often draw on this, maintaining a certain stillness at times.”  

• In design and architecture, ma creates environments of calm, contemplative space: minimalism isn’t simply removing things, but creating the interval. For example:

“Ma is the Japanese concept of space and interval, where the absence of objects is as intentional as their presence.”  

• In art and performance, the space of quiet / interval magnifies what is present: in theatre (e.g., Noh), in music, in gardens. The stillness speaks.  

5. Applications & Examples

• Architecture & interior design: Rooms with few objects, generous space around objects, sliding doors opening into garden, tatami rooms emphasising void.  

• Traditional arts: Noh theatre uses stillness, minimal movement, silent pauses — the mais the stage between movement.  

• Music & sound: The rest between notes in traditional Japanese music matters. The silence is part of the experience.  

• Everyday life / behaviour: The pause in conversation, waiting, allowing space in relationship or thought. Also seeing quiet walks (e.g., approach to a shrine) as creating emptiness of mind.  

6. Why Ma Matters

• It cultivates attention & mindfulness: By giving space, we are invited to notice more deeply.

• It fosters balance & harmony: The gap between elements prevents clutter, tension; it allows flow.

• It supports presence & reflection: Quietude in the interval gives room for insight, inner stillness.

• It shapes aesthetic experience: What is not there becomes as meaningful as what is there.

• It communicates cultural values: Restraint, subtlety, understatement, awareness of relation rather than object-centrism.

7. Some Critical / Caveat Points

• While widely used in discussions of Japanese aesthetics, some scholars caution that “ma” as a term used in English discourse is somewhat modern and may not always map neatly onto historical Japanese practice.  

• Ma does not mean “complete emptiness” or meaningless void. It is interval between meaningful things. Confusing ma with mere empty space can mislead.

• Cultural translation: The feeling of “pause” or “interval” may feel different in other cultural contexts (for instance Western audiences may feel awkward with silence in conversation). Recognizing this difference is part of appreciating ma.

• Implementation varies: In design, arts, and life, ma is applied with intention; careless ‘blankness’ without balance can feel barren rather than rich.

8. Summary

The Japanese concept of ma (間) is a profound and multi-dimensional notion of the interval: space between objects, pause between actions, stillness between sounds, distance between people. Quietude lies at the heart of ma: the pause is not absence, but potential; the silence is not empty, but full of meaning. By cultivating ma, Japanese aesthetics and culture invite us to inhabit the space between, extend our awareness, and engage with presence rather than merely presence of things.